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1 Wright, Wilbur
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 16 April 1867 Millville, Indiana, USAd. 30 May 1912 Dayton, Ohio, USA[br]American co-inventor, with his brother Orville Wright (b. 19 August 1871 Dayton, Ohio, USA; d. 30 January 1948 Dayton, Ohio, USA), of the first powered aeroplane capable of sustained, controlled flight.[br]Wilbur and Orville designed and built bicycles in Dayton, Ohio. In the 1890s they developed an interest in flying which led them to study the experiments of gliding pioneers such as Otto Lilienthal in Germany, and their fellow American Octave Chanute. The Wrights were very methodical and tackled the many problems stage by stage. First, they developed a method of controlling a glider using movable control surfaces, instead of weight-shifting as used in the early hand-gliders. They built a wind tunnel to test their wing sections and by 1902 they had produced a controllable glider. Next they needed a petrol engine, and when they could not find one to suit their needs they designed and built one themselves.On 17 December 1903 their Flyer was ready and Orville made the first short flight of 12 seconds; Wilbur followed with a 59-second flight covering 853 ft (260 m). An improved design, Flyer II, followed in 1904 and made about eighty flights, including circuits and simple ma-noeuvres. In 1905 Flyer III made several long flights, including one of 38 minutes covering 24½ miles (39 km). Most of the Wrights' flying was carried out in secret to protect their patents, so their achievements received little publicity. For a period of two and a half years they did not fly, but they worked to improve their Flyer and to negotiate terms for the sale of their invention to various governments and commercial syndi-cates.In 1908 the Wright Model A appeared, and when Wilbur demonstrated it in France he astounded the European aviators by making several flights lasting more than one hour and one of 2 hours 20 minutes. Considerable numbers of the Model A were built, but the European designers rapidly caught up and overtook the Wrights. The Wright brothers became involved in several legal battles to protect their patents: one of these, with Glenn Curtiss, went on for many years. Wilbur died of typhoid fever in 1912. Orville sold his interest in the Wright Company in 1915, but retained an interest in aeronautical research and lived on to see an aeroplane fly faster than the speed of sound.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Aeronautical Society (London) Gold Medal (awarded to both Wilbur and Orville) May 1909. Medals from the Aero Club of America, Congress, Ohio State and the City of Dayton.Bibliography1951, Miracle at Kitty Hawk. The Letters of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.1953, The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, ed. Marvin W.McFarland, 2 vols, New York.Orville Wright, 1953, How We Invented the Aeroplane, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.Further ReadingA.G.Renstrom, 1968, Wilbur \& Orville Wright. A Bibliography, Washington, DC (with 2,055 entries).C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1963, The Wright Brothers, London (reprint) (a concise account).J.L.Pritchard, 1953, The Wright Brothers', Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (December) (includes much documentary material).F.C.Kelly, 1943, The Wright Brothers, New York (reprint) (authorized by Orville Wright).H.B.Combs with M.Caidin, 1980, Kill Devil Hill, London (contains more technical information).T.D.Crouch, 1989, The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, New York (perhaps the best of various subsequent biographies).JDS -
2 Wright Wilbur
Orville and Wilbur Wright [rait] — Райт, братья: Уильбер (1867 — 1912), Орвилл (1871 — 1948), американские авиаконструкторы, пионеры авиации; первыми в мире 17 декабря 1903 г. совершили полет продолжительностью 59 сек. на построенном ими самолете с двигателем внутреннего сгоранияАнгло-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Wright Wilbur
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3 Wright, Wilbur
English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Wright, Wilbur
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4 Wright Orville
Orville and Wilbur Wright [rait] — Райт, братья: Уильбер (1867 — 1912), Орвилл (1871 — 1948), американские авиаконструкторы, пионеры авиации; первыми в мире 17 декабря 1903 г. совершили полет продолжительностью 59 сек. на построенном ими самолете с двигателем внутреннего сгоранияАнгло-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Wright Orville
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5 Wright Brothers
Вилбур [Wilbur] (1867-1912) и Орвил [Orville] (1871-1948) Райт - изобретатели, пионеры авиации. Смолоду проявили себя как способные механики. В 1892 открыли мастерскую по ремонту велосипедов, затем по их изготовлению. В 1900 испытали первый планер своей конструкции на песчаном полуострове Китти-Хок [ Kitty Hawk] в штате Северная Каролина. В 1901 сконструировали первую аэродинамическую трубу. На Китти-Хоке они провели около тысячи испытательных полетов, совершенствуя систему управления планером, добавили к нему 4-цилиндровый двигатель и винт собственной конструкции. 17 декабря 1903 Орвил поднялся на высоту 120 футов и находился в воздухе 12 сек. В тот же день Вилбур налетал 52 сек., покрыв расстояние в 852 фута. В 1906 братья получили патент на летательный аппарат. В 1908 заключили контракт с Военным ведомством [ War Department] на конструирование двухместного аэроплана, способного лететь со скоростью 40 миль в час на расстояние 125 миль. В 1909 была создана компания "Американ Райт" [American Wright Co.], и братья занялись совершенствованием аэропланов и подготовкой летчиков. В 1903 первая модель, летавшая над Китти-Хок, была установлена в Смитсоновском институте [ Smithsonian Institution]. Вилбур был избран в Галерею славы [ Hall of Fame] в 1955, а Орвил в 1965English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Wright Brothers
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6 Wright brothers
братья Райт, Орвилл [Orville, 1871—1948] и Уилбур [Wilbur, 1867—1912], авиаконструкторы и лётчики, пионеры авиастроения. В 1903 построили летательный аппарат и осуществили на нём полёт в районе посёлка Китти-Хок [*Kitty Hawk] ( штат Южная Каролина)США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Wright brothers
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7 Wilbur Wright
Имена и фамилии: Уилбер Райт (лётчик, изобретатель, авиаконструктор) -
8 Wilbur and Orville Wright
Кино: братья РайтУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Wilbur and Orville Wright
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9 Wilbur and Orville Wright
English-Russian media dictionary > Wilbur and Orville Wright
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10 Wilbur and Orville Wright
English-Russian dictionary of Arts > Wilbur and Orville Wright
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11 Orville and Wilbur Wright
Orville and Wilbur Wright [rait] — Райт, братья: Уильбер (1867 — 1912), Орвилл (1871 — 1948), американские авиаконструкторы, пионеры авиации; первыми в мире 17 декабря 1903 г. совершили полет продолжительностью 59 сек. на построенном ими самолете с двигателем внутреннего сгоранияАнгло-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Orville and Wilbur Wright
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12 Indiana
[ɪndɪˊænǝ] Индиана, штат на Среднем Западе США <букв. страна индейцев>. Сокращение: IN. Прозвища: «штат мужланов» [*Hoosier State], «перекрёсток Америки» [*Crossroads of America], «штат ивняка» [*Hoop-Pole State]. Житель штата: индианец [Indianan]. Столица: г. Индианаполис [*Indianapolis]. Девиз: «Перекрёсток Америки» [*‘Crossroads of America']. Песня: «На берегах Уобаша, там вдали» [*‘On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away']. Цветок: пион [peony]. Дерево: тюльпанное дерево [tulip tree]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Площадь: 93491 кв. км (36,185 sq. mi.) (38- е место). Население (1992): св. 5,5 млн. (14- е место). Крупнейшие города: Индианаполис [*Indianapolis], Форт- Уэйн [Fort Wayne], Гэри [Gary], Эвансвилл [Evansville], Саут- Бенд [South Bend], Хаммонд [Hammond]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: обрабатывающая промышленность, услуги, оптовая и розничная торговля, сельское хозяйство, обслуживание государственных объектов, транспорт, коммунальное обслуживание. Основная продукция: металл и металлоизделия, транспортное оборудование, автомобили и автодетали, продукция машиностроения, продукция химической и фармацевтической промышленности, мебель. Сельское хозяйство. Основная продукция: кукуруза, сорго, овёс, пшеница, рожь, соя-бобы, сено. Животноводство (1987): скота — 1,2 млн.; свиней — 4,4 млн.; овец — 82,5 тыс.; кур и цыплят — 28 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, тюльпанное дерево, бук, платан. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, нефть, природный газ, известняк, песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): на 2,55 млн. долл. История. Первыми людьми, живущими здесь примерно 1000 лет назад, были строители курганов [Mound Builders]. Первая французская фактория появилась в 1731—32 гг. в районе Венсенна [Vincennes]. Ла Саль [*La Salle] посещал район, называемый сейчас Южной Излучиной [South Bend] в 1679 и 1681 гг. Франция уступила этот район Англии в 1763. Во время Войны за независимость американский ген. Джордж Кларк [Clark, George] захватил Венсенн (1778) и разгромил английские войска в 1779. В конце войны Англия уступила эту территорию США. Индейцы майя дважды наносили поражение американским войскам в 1790, но в 1794 в районе Упавших Деревьев [Fallen Timbers] были разгромлены ген. Энтони Уэйном [Wayne, Anthony]. В 1811 в районе Типпеканое [Tippecanoe] ген. Уильям Харрисон [*Harrison, William H.] разгромил союз индейских племён, возглавляемых Текумсе. Достопримечательности: Национальный мемориал, посвящённый детским годам А. Линкольна [Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial]; Национальный парк-мемориал Джорджа Р. Кларка [George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]; пещера Уайендотт [Wyandotte Cave]; песчаные дюны вдоль побережья оз. Мичиган [Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]; Национальный лес Хужер [Hoosier Nat'l Forest]; дом Бенджамина Харрисона [Benjamin Harrison Home]; Зал баскетбольной славы [Basketball Hall of Fame] в Нью-Хармони; автотрек «500» с музеем в Индианаполисе. Знаменитые индианцы: Бёрд, Лэрри [*Bird, Larry], баскетболист; Бёрнсайд, Эмброуз [*Burnside, Ambrose], генерал; Кармайкл, Хоаги [*Carmichael, Hoagland Howard (‘Hoagy’)], композитор; Дин, Джеймс [*Dean, James], киноактёр; Дебс, Юджин [*Debs, Eugene V.], профсоюзный деятель; Драйзер, Теодор [*Dreiser, Theodore], писатель; Дрессер, Пол [*Dresser, Paul], композитор; Портер, Коул [*Porter, Cole], композитор; Пайл, Эрни [*Pyle, Ernest Taylor (‘Ernie’)], журналист; Таркингтон, Бот [*Tarkington, Booth], писатель; Уилки, Уэнделл [*Wilkie, Wendel L.], политический деятель; Райт, Уилбур [*Wright, Wilbur], авиаконструктор, изобретатель аэроплана. Ассоциации: «штат-мужлан» со сталеплавильными заводами в Гэри; тяжёлый труд; воспринимается как младший брат штата Иллинойс ( хотя между этими штатами отношения далеко не тёплые); Индианаполис — место проведения ежегодных автомобильных гонок [*Indy-500]; штаб- квартира Американского легиона и Ку- клукс- клана; г. Гэри, первый крупный город США, избравший мэром негра -
13 Aerospace
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Caproni, Giovanni BattistaDassault, MarcelGiffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesJohnson, Clarence LeonardKorolov, Sergei PavlovichSopwith, Sir Thomas Octave MurdochTsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich -
14 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.■ Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Pacos de Ferreira, 1986.■ Varagnac, André. O Homem antes da Escrita ( Pre-história). Lisbon, 1963.■ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António de Vieira, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1918-20.■. Épocas de Portugal Económico. Lisbon, 1929.■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.■. "Pombal." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. III, 415-23. Lisbon, 1968.■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal: 1691-1708. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl A. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. 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Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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15 WW
1) Общая лексика: семья из двух человек, оба работают2) Американизм: Weekly Wage4) Военный термин: Warrior Wars, Weakend Warrior, weather warning, weather wing, world war5) Техника: per cent of weight in weight, water-white6) Сельское хозяйство: White Wyandotte7) Шутливое выражение: Whimsical Weirdie8) Метеорология: Weather Watcher9) Ветеринария: Walrus Week, White Wolf10) Сокращение: Wild Weasel (also W/W), waterwall, winding to winding, wire-wound, wireway, Bmibaby (IATA airline code), Walla Walla (Washington), Wally World (Wal-Mart), War Wizard (Terry Goodkind's Sword of Truth series), Warehouse Warrant, Wario Ware (video game), Wario World (video game), Warrior Within (Prince of Persia video game), Warrior's Wish (fan site), Wasatch Winds (American Fork, UT), Wash & Wax, Washington Wizards (basketball team), Waste Water, Weather Watch (refers to severe thunderstorm watch or tornado watch), Website Weaver (Golden Orb Technologies), Webster-Whitcomb (collet lathe), Week-End Warriors (gaming clan), Weeping Willow, Weight Watchers International, Inc., Well Woman (diagnosis), Werewolf, Werkloosheidswet, West Winds (Singapore band), Western Wastes (Everquest), Westwood (video game manufacturer), Wet Wax (ear), Wet Weight, Wet Willy, Whale Watching, Where's Willy? (Canadian Currency tracker), Whirlwind (Diablo 2 game), White Water (pinball game), White Wine, White Wizard (Final Fantasy game), White Wolf (RPG company), White Wolves, Wicklow (Irish car registration), Wide Window (Lemony Snicket), Width of Wheel, Wilbur Wright, Wild Weasel, Wild World (Animal Crossing video game), William Wallace, Willy Wonka (movie), Winchester and Western Railroad Company, Winchester-Western (ammunition), Wind Waker (Legend of Zelda video game), Wings West (auto design), Wire Wrap, With Warrants (stock ticker symbol), Wizarding World (Harry Potter), Wonder Woman (TV show), Wonderware (industrial automation software), Woodwind (music), Woodwork, Wool Worths, Work Warning, Work Week, Working Women, Worldwide, Worth Watching, Written Warning (human resources and education), Wrong Way, Wrong Window, Wrong Word (proofreading), Wu Wear (clothing line)11) Текстиль: Western Wear12) Университет: Writers Workshop13) Вычислительная техника: wrong word14) Нефть: wash water, water well, водозаборная скважина, промывочная вода (wash water), скважина-водоисточник (water well)15) Картография: water works16) Транспорт: White Wall, Windshield Wiper17) Фирменный знак: Wacky Worlds18) СМИ: The Writers Way, Webber's Words, Wild West, Without Words, Word For Word19) Полимеры: weight in weight concentration20) Имена и фамилии: Wayne White, Wicked Witch, Wonder Woman21) ООН: Whole World22) Чат: Wonderful Woman23) Единицы измерений: Waiting Week24) Международная торговля: Week Wait, World Wide -
16 ww
1) Общая лексика: семья из двух человек, оба работают2) Американизм: Weekly Wage4) Военный термин: Warrior Wars, Weakend Warrior, weather warning, weather wing, world war5) Техника: per cent of weight in weight, water-white6) Сельское хозяйство: White Wyandotte7) Шутливое выражение: Whimsical Weirdie8) Метеорология: Weather Watcher9) Ветеринария: Walrus Week, White Wolf10) Сокращение: Wild Weasel (also W/W), waterwall, winding to winding, wire-wound, wireway, Bmibaby (IATA airline code), Walla Walla (Washington), Wally World (Wal-Mart), War Wizard (Terry Goodkind's Sword of Truth series), Warehouse Warrant, Wario Ware (video game), Wario World (video game), Warrior Within (Prince of Persia video game), Warrior's Wish (fan site), Wasatch Winds (American Fork, UT), Wash & Wax, Washington Wizards (basketball team), Waste Water, Weather Watch (refers to severe thunderstorm watch or tornado watch), Website Weaver (Golden Orb Technologies), Webster-Whitcomb (collet lathe), Week-End Warriors (gaming clan), Weeping Willow, Weight Watchers International, Inc., Well Woman (diagnosis), Werewolf, Werkloosheidswet, West Winds (Singapore band), Western Wastes (Everquest), Westwood (video game manufacturer), Wet Wax (ear), Wet Weight, Wet Willy, Whale Watching, Where's Willy? (Canadian Currency tracker), Whirlwind (Diablo 2 game), White Water (pinball game), White Wine, White Wizard (Final Fantasy game), White Wolf (RPG company), White Wolves, Wicklow (Irish car registration), Wide Window (Lemony Snicket), Width of Wheel, Wilbur Wright, Wild Weasel, Wild World (Animal Crossing video game), William Wallace, Willy Wonka (movie), Winchester and Western Railroad Company, Winchester-Western (ammunition), Wind Waker (Legend of Zelda video game), Wings West (auto design), Wire Wrap, With Warrants (stock ticker symbol), Wizarding World (Harry Potter), Wonder Woman (TV show), Wonderware (industrial automation software), Woodwind (music), Woodwork, Wool Worths, Work Warning, Work Week, Working Women, Worldwide, Worth Watching, Written Warning (human resources and education), Wrong Way, Wrong Window, Wrong Word (proofreading), Wu Wear (clothing line)11) Текстиль: Western Wear12) Университет: Writers Workshop13) Вычислительная техника: wrong word14) Нефть: wash water, water well, водозаборная скважина, промывочная вода (wash water), скважина-водоисточник (water well)15) Картография: water works16) Транспорт: White Wall, Windshield Wiper17) Фирменный знак: Wacky Worlds18) СМИ: The Writers Way, Webber's Words, Wild West, Without Words, Word For Word19) Полимеры: weight in weight concentration20) Имена и фамилии: Wayne White, Wicked Witch, Wonder Woman21) ООН: Whole World22) Чат: Wonderful Woman23) Единицы измерений: Waiting Week24) Международная торговля: Week Wait, World Wide -
17 Ohio
[ǝuˊhaɪǝu] Огайо, штат на Среднем Западе США <инд. большая река>. Сокращение: OH. Прозвища: «штат конского каштана» [*Buckeye State], «современная родина президентов» [*Modern Mother of Presidents]. Житель штата: Ohioan. Столица: г. Колумбус [Columbus]. Девиз: «С Божьей помощью всё возможно» [‘With God, all things are possible’]. Песня: «Прекрасный Огайо» [‘Beautiful Ohio’]. Цветок: алая гвоздика [scarlet carnation]. Дерево: конский каштан [buckeye]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Насекомое: божья коровка [ladybug]. Камень: кремень [flint]. Напиток: томатный сок [tomato juice]. Площадь: 106125 кв. км (41,330 sq. mi.) (35- е место). Население (1992): св. 11 млн. (7- е место). Крупнейшие города: Кливленд [*Cleveland], Колумбус [*Columbus], Цинциннати [*Cincinnati], Толидо [*Toledo], Акрон [*Akron], Дейтон [*Dayton], Янгстаун [Youngstown]. Экономика. Один из наиболее экономически развитых штатов. Основные отрасли: обрабатывающая промышленность, машиностроение, резиновая, электротехническая, радиоэлектронная, сталелитейная, автомобильная промышленность, торговля, обслуживание. Основная продукция: транспортное оборудование, резина, машины, металл и металлоизделия. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: кукуруза, озимая пшеница, овёс, соя, сеяные травы. Животноводство (1992): скота — 1,6 млн., свиней — 1,9 млн., бройлеров — 24,9 млн., индеек — 5 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, ясень, клён, орех, бук. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, нефть, газ, соль, строительный песок и гравий, известь. История. В районе Огайо в 1669 побывал французский исследователь Ла Саль [*La Salle]. Начиная с 1685 сюда стали проникать американские скупщики пушнины, французы и индейцы пытались воспрепятствовать этому. Огайо стал территорией США в 1783, после Войны за независимость. Первое поселение было официально зарегистрировано в районе Мариетты [Marietta] в 1788. Войны с индейцами закончились их разгромом американскими войсками под командованием Энтони Уэйна [Wayne, Anthony] у Фоллен-Тимберс [Fallen Timbers] в 1794. В войне 1812 победа Оливера Перри [*Perry, Oliver H.] на оз. Эри и вторжение в Канаду Уильяма Харрисона [*Harrison, William] в 1813 положили конец английским притязаниям на территорию Огайо. В состав США штат Огайо вошёл в 1803. Достопримечательности: индейские погребения в Маунд-Сити [Mound City Group National Monument]; Музей авиации и космоса им. Нила Армстронга в Уопаконета [Wapakoneta]; Музей военно-воздушных сил [Air Force Museum] в Дейтоне; Зал славы профессионального футбола [*Pro Football Hall of Fame] в Кантоне [*Canton]; парк аттракционов на о-в е Кингс-Айленд [King's Island]; парк аттракционов Сидар-Пойнт [Cedar Point]; места рождения, дома и мемориалы восьми огайцев, ставших президентами США: Уильяма Гаррисона [*Harrison, William Henry], Гранта [*Grant], Гарфилда [*Garfield], Хейса [*Hayes], Мак-Кинли [*McKinley], Гардинга [*Harding], Тафта [*Taft], Бенджамина Гаррисона [*Harrison, Benjamin]; мемориал Перри [Perry's Victory International Peace Memorial]; острова на оз. Эри [*Lake Erie]; район эмишей [*Amish Region]; немецкая деревня в Колумбусе [Columbus]; спортивный центр Джека Никлоса в Мэйсоне [Mason]. Знаменитые огайцы: Андерсон, Шервуд [*Anderson, Sherwood], писатель; Армстронг, Нил [*Armstrong, Neil], астронавт; Беллоуз, Джордж [*Bellows, George], художник; Бирс, Амброуз [*Bierce, Ambrose], писатель; Дарроу, Кларенс [*Darrow, Clarence], адвокат; Эдисон, Томас [*Edison, Thomas], изобретатель; Гейбл, Кларк [*Gable, Clark], киноактёр; Гленн, Джон [*Glenn, John], первый американский астронавт; Хоуп, Боб [*Hope, Bob], комик; Никлос, Джек [*Nicklaus, Jack], чемпион по игре в гольф; Оуэнс, Джесси [*Owens, Jesse], легкоатлет, олимпийский чемпион; Рокфеллеры [*Rockefeller John D. Sr. and Jr.], финансисты; Роуз, Пит [*Rose, Pit], бейсболист; Шерман, Уильям [*Sherman, William], генерал; Бичер-Стоу, Гарриет [*Stowe, Harriet Beecher], писательница; Тафт, Уильям [*Taft, William H.], 27-й президент США; Тёрбер, Джеймс [*Thurber, James], писатель; братья Райт, Орвилл и Уилбур [*Wright, Orville and Wilbur], авиаторы и авиаконструкторы, изобретатели аэроплана. Ассоциации: «штат конского каштана» [*Buckeye State] ныне один из наиболее населённых и экономически развитых штатов США с многочисленными городами и посёлками ( наиболее известны Кливленд и живописный Цинциннати); назв. штата, начинающееся и оканчивающееся на «о», послужило поводом для школьной шутки-загадки: What has nothing in the beginning, nothing in the end, and high in the middle?
См. также в других словарях:
Wright , Wilbur — (1867–1912) American aeronautical engineer The sons of a bishop in the United Brethren Church, Wilbur Wright was born in Millville, Indiana, and his brother Orville Wright was born in Dayton, Ohio. Neither brother received more than a high school … Scientists
Wright, Wilbur and Orville — ▪ American aviators Introduction also called Wright brothers Respectively, born April 16, 1867, near Millville, Indiana, U.S. died May 30, 1912, Dayton, Ohio born August 19, 1871, Dayton died January 30, 1948, Dayton American (United… … Universalium
Wright, Wilbur; and Wright, Orville — born April 16, 1867, near Millville, Ind., U.S. died May 30, 1912, Dayton, Ohio born Aug. 19, 1871, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. died Jan. 30, 1948, Dayton U.S. inventors who achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight. The… … Universalium
Wright, Wilbur y Wright, Orville — (16 abr. 1867, cerca de Millville, Ind., EE.UU.–30 may. 1912, Daytona, Ohio) (19 ago. 1871, Daytona, Ohio, EE.UU.–30 ene. 1948, Daytona). Inventores estadounidenses que lograron el primer vuelo sostenido y controlado de un aeroplano motorizado.… … Enciclopedia Universal
Wright, Wilbur — ► (1867 1912) Constructor y aviador estadounidense. Él y su hermano Orville lograron por primera vez sostenerse en el aire realizando el primer vuelo en aeroplano el 17 de diciembre de 1903 … Enciclopedia Universal
Wright Brothers — Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Die Brüder Wright, auch Gebrüder Wright genannt, Wilbur Wright (* 16. April 1867 in M … Deutsch Wikipedia
Wright Flyer — Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Die Brüder Wright, auch Gebrüder Wright genannt, Wilbur Wright (* 16. April 1867 in M … Deutsch Wikipedia
Wright Flyer I — Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Die Brüder Wright, auch Gebrüder Wright genannt, Wilbur Wright (* 16. April 1867 in M … Deutsch Wikipedia
Wilbur Wright — Retrato de Wilbur Wright Nacimiento … Wikipedia Español
Wilbur Wright — fliegt mit seinem Flugzeug um die … Deutsch Wikipedia
Wright Flyer III — Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos (EE. UU.) El Wright Flyer III sobre Huffman Prairie, 4 de octubre de 1905, pilotado por Orville. Nótese que mantienen la posición decúbit … Wikipedia Español
